B U I L D I N G S   &    G R O U N D S    D E P A R T M E N T.

FREEMAN P. KIRKENDALL, Manager                                                              
_____________________


WALKER & KIMBALL, Architects-in-Chief.

Rudolph Ulrich, Landscape Architect.

Luther Stieringer, Electrical Engineer.

A.C. Foster, General Superintendent.

Henry Rustin, Supt. of Machinery and Electricity.

M.S. Ralls, Civil Engineer.

C.E. Llewellyn, Commandent of Guards.

John A. Templeton, Chief Clerk.

___________________

In the building of a great exposition the first steps naturally are to
organize, exploit and secure the funds with which to proceed to that portion of
the "Building of an Exposition" which includes all of the physical features,
and is usually covered by the term BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.

The Executive Committee planned that the buildings should be of the highest
character for the purpose, and then, that as many of them would be built as
wants should require and the funds allow; that the grounds should be made
beautiful by their transforming from a series of cornfields, as they were when
secured, to a fine retreat of green velvety grounds, well shaded by a plenteous
supply of large trees and beautified by a generous planting of greens and
flowering bushes and plants, the whole to be handsomely and brilliantly lighted
with electricity.  To this end the Department Manager was empowered to arrange
for the services of Messrs. Walker & Kimball of Boston and Omaha as
Architects-in-Chief, with Mr. Rudolph Ulrich of New York, N.Y. as Landscape
Architect, and with Mr. Luther Stieringer of New York, N.Y. as Consulting
Electrical Engineer.  The work of these three divisions of the general scheme
are specially treated under separate headings, by those best fitted to write
upon the subject, having most intimate knowledge of them.

The site for the Exposition was not finally secured until late in March, 1897. 
Great rivalry existed over the choice of a site for the Exposition, between the
friends of the five proposed sites, which resulted, on February 10th, 1897, in
choice of Miller Park, but on viewing the situation and finding that the
grounds finally obtained and used, could be had, Manager Kirkendall set to work
to advocate and obtain the needed change of judgment and vote of the Board of
Directors on this subject, which was had at meeting of Directors  on the date
named, March 17th, 1897.

The first work on the grounds was under the contract with Van Court and Winn to
grade out the lagoon designed as a central feature of the Kountz tract, or main
court, and this work was begun on April 28th, 1897.

On April 22nd, 1897, the "Corner stone" of the Arch of States entrance  was
laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, preceded by a great civic parade, and
was the iniatory ceremony on the grounds of the Exposition.

July 7, 1897, the first contract for the building was awarded, being for the
"Administration Arch", first planned to house the offices of the
administration.  Work was begun on this contract on July 15th, 1897, just ten
and one-half months prior to the time set for the opening of the completed
Exposition.

Working forces were organized, the grading of the grounds and the Lagoon was
proceeded with, buildings were designed, contracted for and pushed forward
toward completion, a system of sewers and water supply  was devised and placed,
machinery for power and light was secured, mainly on an exhibitor's basis,
Electric supplies were leased and purchased, much of it being leased, the power
plant was installed, an artesian well was bored which did not prove to be of
value, owing to the scant flow of water, a Hospital Department was organized
and established, the main court around the Lagoon was paved with bricks, all
other roads were macadamized, with a top dressing of fine gravel, a complete
and sufficient guard force was organized, secret service detectives were
employed, and the multitude of large and small affairs pertaining to this
department were closely looked after, always with an eye single to effect,
service and economy.

The usual labor disputes were to be expected and they were in evidence, but the
Department Manager conducted these disputes with such tact and with such
evident disposition for fairness, that they at no time became serious, and 
were usually settled to the satisfaction of both parties and with good feeling
resulting.

Some particulars in regard to a number of the divisions of the is department
are as follows:

A R C H I T E C T U R E   O F   T H E   E X P O S I T I O N



(Chapter on this subject to be
supplied by Walker & Kimball,
.pa                                 architects-in-Chief.
L A N D S C A P I N G.



(Report of Rudolph Ulrich, Landscape
Architect, to be inserted.)

THE LANDSCAPING OF THE EXPOSITION.



Landscape Architect, Rudolph Ulrich, New York City     



Architect Ulrich at the close of his work prepared and delivered a report on
the same, but in some manner the report has been lost or mislaid and it is not
therefore possible to incorporate the same in this history.  A very diligent
search has been made to secure this report, which search has proved fruitless,
as have been the efforts to communicate with Mr. Ulrich and secure from him
either a copy or a newly drawn statement of the great work performed under his
direction and supervision.  From memory such data as is now obtainable the
following statement of the work of the Landscaping Department is given.

When the grounds used by the Exposition, were secured by lease from the owners,
the larger part had been used for the growing of corn crops and the stalks and
stubble of the previous year were still upon the ground.  This was particularly
true in relation to the Kountze tract and Bluff tract.  On the north tract a
part of the ground had been used as a County Fair grounds, having thereon a
fully equipped, half mile racing course.  The North tracts and Bluff tracts
required but little grading and such grading as was done thereon was for the
purpose of leveling and shaping the ground for landscape effects.  As to the
Kountze tract, the west end was some 17 or 18 feet lower than the eastern end
and in planning for the lagoon and lake occupying the center of said tract, it
was necessary to remove large quantities of earth from the excavations for the
lagoon to build up the western end of the grounds, making provision for the and
protecting Mirror Lake, which was there situated.  

The Kountze tract, 2950 feet long by 680 feet wide, containing 43 acres, the
Bluff tract 3447 feet long by 50 feet wide, containing 38 acres, the North
tract, embracing 87 acres with some small parcels comprising about 16 acres,
required for intercommunication, comprised the grounds used by the Exposition,
a total of 184 acres.

The work of the Department was begun April 27th, 1897, the first being the
excavation for the Lagoon, the top soil being removed and held for use after
all grading work had been completed.  The excavations for the lagoon were
completed at the end of June.  It required the removal of 108,000 cubic yards
of earth, which was accomplished by a force of 52 men, at a cost of $11,735.97. 
The construction of the embankment of the Lagoon required 4939 linear feet of
sheet piling, which was secured at a cost of $7,104.14.  The capacity of the
Lagoon and Mirror Lake was 13,000,000 gallons and covered seven and one half
acres.

The excavated material, which amounted to 118,103 cubic yards was used for the
raising of the ground at its west end and for terraces on which the buildings
surrounding the main court were erected.  Besides the material secured from the
excavation 170,000 additional cubic yards were required for grading and for the
construction of approaches to the viaducts and the various buildings.  The
grading on the Bluff tract and the North tract was comparatively small, but the
entire amount of earth handled on the three tracts of ground was 376,750 cubic
yards, at a cost of $19,404.56 or an average cost 5.15 cents per cubic yard.

The construction of road ways and walks was an important feature of the
landscaping, the total area of plazas, drive and walks was 125,018 square yards
or 35,952 linear feet, equal to 6.6 miles.  Crushed limerock was used for
these, a depth of four inches being laid on the roads and two inches on the
walks.  The crushed lime rock was given a top covering of fine gravel, the
whole being well packed by the use of a heavy steam roller.  The total quantity
of crushed rock and gravel used was 16,111 cubic yards.  This feature of the
landscaping cost $32,587.82 which included its maintenance during the
Exposition.  The entire work was performed during the Spring of 1898 with a
force of 12 men, 8 teams, a steam roller, and a water sprinkler.  The cost of
these walks, including maintenance, was 17.4 cents per square yard.  The cost
of driveways, including maintenance was 22-1/2 cents per square yard.

In the Grand Court, in the small areas under the colonnades, the approaches to
bridges, a brick pavement was laid, a very superior brick was used, well bedded
on three inches of sand.  This brick paving was contracted at a cost of 38
cents per square yard, the material remaining the property of the contractor,
to be removed by him at the close of the Exposition.  30,441 square yards of
this brick pavement was laid at a total cost of $11,620.77.

With the exception of some half dozen large trees on the Bluff tract, the
grounds were entirely barren of foliage when the landscape work was begun. 
About 1200 trees, bought from Nebraska nurseries, were planted along the
boundaries of the Kountze tract in April, 1897.  THese were of the rapid
growing varieties, such as the poplar and soft and elder maples.  The planting
of the Bluff tract, was begun in November, 1897.  It was planned to place four
rows, each 500 feet long, of large trees to shade the main avenue from the
Grand Plaza to the Horticultural Building.  For this, strong healthy soft
maples, from 6 to 12 inches in diameter, were secured from the John I. Redick
farm and transplanted to the grounds.  About 100 of these were transplanted
with most satisfactory and successful results.  Some 200 maples, planes, elms
and Catalpas, from 6 to 8 inches in diameter and 10 to 30 feet high were
planted along the side roads and in groups.

The planting was resumed in the early spring of 1898 with 105 men and 20 teams. 
Trees were found in abundance on the Missouri River bottoms at no great
distance from the Exposition  Grounds and consisted of cottonwoods, planes,
mulberries, dogwoods, wild plums, birches, buckthorns, snowberry and various
other varieties.  In addition vast numbers of evergreens, creepers, vines,
perennial and annual plants were transplanted to complete the conceptions of
the architect.  A particularly successful feature was the planting of more than
60 large catalpa trees from 8 to 10 inches in diameter at the foot of the
terraces and as many North Carolina poplars near the Colonnades and adjacent to
the Government Building.  The entire planting included 13,500 trees and bushes;
the total cost of those purchased from the nurseries was $3,766.47.  About 200
Oleanders, Agaves and monumental evergreens in tubs and 85 large vases filled
with plants, were distributed around the Lagoon and Main Court.

More than 100,000 plants and flowers, besides thousands of vines contributed to
the floral beauties of the Exposition landscape.  Geraniums, Cannas, Dahlias,
Oleanders, Lilies and Arbutus are among the most prominent varieties and many
other species were used in smaller quantities to complete the effect of the
various designs.

Over 700,000 square feet of ground was seeded and 14,500 yards of turf were
laid, comprising about 21 acres.  The seed consisted of three fifths English
Rye and two-thirds Kentucky blue grass with a slight addition of orchard grass
and white clover  to emphasize the color.  In such places as the soil was found
to be of inferior quality sod was used, at a total expense of $10,02756.

The greatest number of men employed by the Landscape Department at any one
time, was 210.  Laborers received $1.50 per day; foreman $1.75 and $2.00 and
teams $3.50 and $4,00

The total cost of the Landscaping Department was $127,707.91, distributed as
follows:

Grading,....................................................$19,404.56
Macadamized roads and walks,................................ 32,587.82
Brick pavements,............................................ 11,620.77
Concrete steps and copings,.................................    528.62
Ornamental vases,...........................................    322.00
Fountains in Main Court,....................................    746.75
Cost of sod,................................................  1,027.56
Cost of Trees, shrubs, etc.,................................  3,766.47
Cost of miscellaneous supplies,.............................  2,876.80
Pay roll Landscape Department,.............................. 29,319.54
Lagoon     
Sheet Piling,...............................$ 7,104.14
Excavations, etc.,.......................... 11,735.52
Repairs,....................................  6,667.36
Total for Lagoon         25,507.02

Grand total Expense Landscape Department,..................$127,707.91
.pa
M A C H I N E R Y    A N D    E L E C T R I C I T Y
___________________

BY HENRY RUSTIN,
Superintendent of the Department.
o--

The decorative lighting at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition as a matter of
history needs no written record to preserve it in memory.  It remains in
recollection one of the most attractive features of the most successful
exposition ever held.  At the start, and all through the construction period,
this particular exposition was not guilty of a big bank account, and economy in
all things was imperative.

The necessity for economy in the matter of lighting suggested, at first, that
only sufficient arc lights be placed to care for the ordinary conditions of
traffic at night and the immediate requirements for power among the exhibitors
and concessionaires.  To this end th markets were searched for apparatus to
economically provide, approximately, 5000 H.P. in electrical energy.  The
Nashville Exposition having but recently closed, it was supposed that they
would have sufficient machinery which might be obtained for use with the
Trans-Mississippi Exposition.  Agents were sent from Omaha to Nashville to make
examination of the apparatus and material.  After looking over their outfit it
was discovered that much of their machinery had been rented or leased and that
they had little machinery of their own for sale.  After considerable dickering
between the exposition companies the Trans-Mississippi finally purchased their
outfit of steam piping and copper wire at a reasonable price.  This was
promptly shipped to Omaha and the layout plans were outlined so as to include
this material in the scheme.  The steam pipe purchased being of definite length
and size had to be worked into the power plant details, and necessarily, the
arrangement became one of manipulation rather than one of definite pre-arranged
scheme.  For this reason the engineering accomplished in the power house
proper, was more a tribute to ingenuity than to designing, along best
mechanical engineering practices.

The wire purchased was also of sundry length and assorted sizes and, while
generally in good condition, needed considerable "doctoring" in order to permit
it to pass the rather stringent insurance inspection.

While the general installation plan was being developed attention was given to
the method of arrangement of the arc lamps about the grounds with reference to
producing as high a unit of lighting as the energy at our command would permit. 
In this development it was suggested that the entire picture formed by the
arrangement of the buildings in the grand court, probably could be illuminated
by means of small incandescent lamps with a very little greater expenditure of
energy and dollars than would be necessary in the use of arc lamps, more
particularly since the supports for arc lamps would have to be ornamental to be
in keeping with the exquisite architectural arrangement of the court, and the
incandescent lamps could be supported, in part, by the buildings themselves and
only a few cheap staff columns would be necessary for further assistance as
incandescent lighting supports to produce an evenly distributed illumination.

This change from the plan of arc lighting to entire incandescent lighting,
while highly desirable in theory, was so bold a departure from plans heretofore
followed in lighting that a certain misgiving was felt as to its practical
adoption.  In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the incandescent lighting
scheme, temporary posts were experimentally placed in front of the Electricity
Building and incandescent lights were placed on the building itself, conforming
in part to the architecture of the building.  When the lamps were actually
lighted and experiment made all doubts were removed as to its practicability. 
The results of this experiment were kept, so far as possible, from the public
in order that the novelty of the arrangement could be saved as a surprise when
th Exposition should  be illuminated in its entirety for the public's
criticism.

No area of similar extent had ever before been thus treated and even with the
buoyancy of feeling and surety of successful results demonstrated by these
experiments, it was natural that so radical a departure in lighting should be
accomplished by certain  misgivings.  Nevertheless, plans were used on as if no
other arrangement had ever been considered.  This arrangement of lighting
necessitated most careful developments of the plans of wiring.  Those who
viewed the Trans-Mississippi illuminations must have been impressed with the
evenness of distribution, not only of the energy which became "candle power"
illumination, but must have been impressed as well with the evenness of
distribution of the lighting itself the resultant of even distribution of
electric current.

The organization of the Trans-Mississippi itself, as a working machine, was one
which lent itself splendidly to results.  As recalled now, it is difficult to
remember any family jars or frictions due to the matter of personal equation. 
Apparently the first thing considered in each solution of a problem, when
brought before the Exposition authorities, was whether the results proposed
were the best which could be obtained; the second, whether strict economy would
permit its use as a factor in the Exposition.  Probably no department of the
exposition was dealt with more liberally than the Electrical Department in this
work.  It was peculiarly difficult to place before the proper committee a fair
conception of what was sought in any plan of lighting as the subject of
illumination is not easily committed to writing or placed on paper.  Examples
of this difficulty were found elsewhere, even after the illuminations had been
approved by visiting crowds.  It is almost amusing to pick up ones scrap book
and read the accounts then written of the illumination and find extravagant
adjective after adjective arranged in almost bewildering sequence and trying to
do their duty towards describing an effect which would not be described.

The organization of the Exposition was composed distinctively of level headed
business men, who could hardly be supposed to be acquainted with the details
and technical phrases of electrical work, and it is a matter of great pride to
the Electrical Department of the Trans-Mississippi to recall the confidence
which they placed in those working for them.

As the work developed during the pre-exposition period the different apparatus
and parts which went to make the complete total for service, were placed in
position, one part after another.  Sometimes great anxiety was felt when
necessary machinery did not arrive on the expected date, but the assistance of
some limb of Department of th Exposition, was called into requisition to
assist, and invariably the material was found and brought out in the nick of
time.  When the opening day finally came around, we were almost afraid to
breathe; the different machines were started up, one after another, some for
their initial run, and as the lights gradually came up from no candle power to
full brilliancy, words or actions failed to express the relief in seeing  an
actual working almost living, success.  The cheer which the first night crowd
gave as the lights gradually came to full brilliancy, meant more to me than any
other occasion in my life. It seemed as though all efforts, hopes, fears and
realization were all crowded into one exultant moment.  The operation of such a
plant and the necessity for keeping it up to its initial successful condition,
would not permit remaining in simply an exultant mood.  The details of
maintenance required a conscientious and attentive organization and such
fortunately, could be selected from the working force which had constructed the
wiring and machinery plant.  Of necessity this force was kept down to a small
number, barely one-eighth of those used in construction work were retained for
the operative period.

The power plant equipment consisted of:

4,  500 H.P. Climax Boilers.
2,  250 H.P. Climax Boilers,
1,  10"x6"x10" Marsh Feed Pump.
1,  10"x6"x10" Dean Duplex Reed Pump.
1,  7-1/2"x5"x6" Worthington Feed Pump.
3,  Westinghouse Compound Engines,
1,  Buffalo Forge Engine,
1,  Murray Iron Works Engine.
1,  Hamilton Corliss Engine.

In all about 2,000 available engine horse power.  These engines drove General
Electric Co.'s generators, alternating and direct current, sufficient to take
care of, approximately 15000 - 8 candle power incandescent lamps and 400 arcs
and 300 HP. in direct current motors.

The performance of this plant, under the circumstances was very creditable. 
While there was no provision made for feed water heaters, economizers, or like
devices, in the scheme of the plant, the coal consumption never exceeded 17
pounds per kilo-watt hour.  That is to say, one pound of coal would "run" two
of our incandescent lamps for one hour.  The total cost of operating the power
plant, including labor and all expenses, never exceeded $.44 per kilo-watt
hour, or, stated in another way, the current for 1000 of our lamps cost $1.32
per hour when considering the expenses at the power house.  Bear in mind,
however, that steam had to be maintained under most of the boilers, day and
night, while the greater part of the electrical energy was used but four hours
a night.  The plant would run to its utmost capacity for four hours and it is
probable that the coal consumption, and hence the total expense, could have
been reduced, could these conditions have been regulated.  But for the purpose
and for the period of six months this installation served its purpose
admirably.

A radical departure from former Exposition methods was made in the plan of
operation of machinery in the main Exhibit Buildings.  Heretofore it had seemed
essential that all machinery be operated from countershafts by means of
belting.  More than frequently an intermediate system of shafting was necessary
in order to arrive at a proper speed.  It was customary that the Exposition
should install and maintain this shafting and necessary supports at its own
expense while the user of power supplied belts, pulleys and the like at his own
expense.  At the Trans-Mississippi Exposition all wheels in motion were
operated by individual motors, supplied by the user of power, while the
Exposition brought electrical energy to convenient points within the building. 
Thus the Exposition was saved a considerable expenditure for shafting and
supports, and, at the same time, the whole equipment was in keeping with modern
practice and the exhibitor was put to no greater expense than with the
countershafting plan.

The individual motor plan of operating machinery had a further advantage.  It
was impossible to discover from the exhibitor just how much power he would
require.  He did not know definitely and his approximation was persistently
elastic; it was somewhere between limits not stated.  The individual motor plan
permitted a postponement of the date of decision as all the Exposition had to
do was to furnish current and the quantity and quality desired, which it could
do on a day's notice any time.  The counter-shaft plan at one of the earlier
Expositions, brought it about, that after three hundred feet of 4 inch steel
counter shafting with hangers and supports had been placed, and moreover a 500
horse power engine had been installed to run the shaft, it was found that there
was required from this shafting only that power necessary to operate three
sewing machines.  The consumer using the greatest amount of power was the
Westinghouse Company in the Machinery & Electricity Bldg.  This company had a
number of motors in service running electric generators and besides a number of
interesting experimental coils and transformers, with which they kept the
visiting public entertained.

The Government Building's demands for power were the most continuous and
exacting of any customer we had to serve.  It was essential to maintain
electrical energy at two of their motor stations for 4500 consecutive hours. 
This was done successfully but not without effort as, aside from power house
difficulties, we had a pole line to maintain against Nebraska zephyrs.

To sum up the machinery and electricity of the Exposition, it is fair to say
that no startling novelties or innovations in apparatus, either prime movers,
generators or auxiliary came to our assistance to entertain the public.  The
nearest approach to an electrical novelty was the X Ray machine in the General
Electric Company's exhibit, although this device was then becoming well known
to the public.  We were compelled to rely on standard apparatus to produce any
"coups" which might occur to us as practicable.  So resort was had to standard
incandescent lamps and reliance placed on our ability to arrange them for a
picture setting; an accomplishment at night to the gem arrangement of the
buildings about the grand lagoon.

It was a most successful illumination and commanded the admiration of all who
witnessed it.

The cost of machinery and electricity to the Exposition, summarized as shown in
statements elsewhere, was

Electrical Department,........................ $63,282.85
Machinery "          .........................  53,945.52
Power Plant in Transportation Building,.......   2,045.44
Total cost,...............$119,273.81

Revenues from supply of power and lights...... $28,550.96
Net cost to Exposition                          90,722.85

This does not include revenue from sale or power and light properties at close
of Exposition, but as all Exposition assets of physical character were sold in
bulk, it is not possible to apportion the proceeds.  The materials of this
department should easily have realized $10,000.00 as they included three
Westinghouse compound engines which cost $8500.00 from a thousand and one other
items of property.


W A T E R   ---   SYSTEM



A complete system of water pipes were laid throughout the grounds, carrying an
ample supply to all the buildings, fountains, hydrants and sanitary kiosks and
to also provide for the complete sprinkling of the flower beds, grass, etc. 
The supply of water was received from the 36 inch main from the pumping station
at Florence.  The water was purchased from the Omaha Water Company.  The amount
of water used, pressure, price, etc., is shown by the following statement.

Pre-Exposition period,
for construction purposes, filling Lagoon three times
and seepage from Lagoon, estimate gallons,................60,000,000
Consumption in June,......................................24,759,750
Consumption in July,......................................32,006,325
Consumption in August,....................................36,389,287
Consumption in September,.................................40,064,425
Consumption in October,...................................37,833,652

Water pressure 100 lbs to 106-1/2 gallons.
Exposition paid 5 cents per thousand gallons of water used June 1st to November
1st.
Water used prior to June 1st was supplied gratis.
Exposition paid one-half cost of water meters.
Lagoon covered 7-1/2 acres and required 13,800,000 gallons to 
fill it.


F I R E -- P R O T E C T I O N.
___________________

Great care was shown in the planning and installation of the apparatus for the
protection of Buildings, Exhibits, Concessions, etc.  Two fire houses were
provided, one near north end of "Bluffs tract" one on 20th Street at Manderson
Street.  The Exposition purchased Seagraves & Co.?, Columbus, Ohio, one hook
and ladder truck $900.00 and two hose wagons at $300 each, all of their best
product and latest design, also 8000 feet single jacket rubber hose, at 28-1/2
cents per foot for stations in buildings and 1600 feet test brand carbolized
fire hose at 90 cents per  ft. less 20% from the New York Belting and Packing
Co.  In addition to this equipment, the city of Omaha installed one chemical
apparatus and one hose wagon, so that the equipment for fighting fires was
reasonably complete.  The city of Omaha detailed men from the city fire
department to be in charge and handle the apparatus.  The city paid their
salaries, the Exposition paying operating and maintenance expenses.

L O S S E S   B Y   F I R E



There were 25 alarms for fires, during the period of the
Exposition.  Losses were as follows:

On Buildings,...................................... $4,225.00
On contents,.......................................  1,865.00
6,090.00
Insured for,.......................................  3,000.00
Loss  uninsured,................................... $3,090.00

The losses were in fires at California Gold Mining Tunnel on June 3rd and when
the "Mt Nebo Chapel" at Old Plantation concession was      completely destroyed
on July 10.

I N S U R A N C E



The fire insurance companies maintained that a high rate for insurance against
fire losses, must necessarily be charged on account of great moral as well as
physical hazard incurred by insurance of property of this character,
notwithstanding the fact, that, despite their arguments, no serious losses by
fire had occurred at any of the previous large expositions.

The management being guardians for large interests, believed that they should
carry a reasonable amount of insurance and  arranged with the insurance
representatives for insurance on the following basis.  Blanket insurance form,
giving list and value of all buildings (Except statuary on same), values
aggregating $300,000.00.  70%  Co-Insurance clause in policies, 10%
depreciation agreed upon.  Rate of insurance 2-1/2% Period of time covered by
the insurance as follows:

"It is hereby understood and mutually agreed upon that one-sixth of the amount
insured by this policy shall terminate at noon on the 30th day of June, 1898;
one-sixth on the 31st day of July, 1898; one-sixth on the 31st day of August,
1898; one-sixth on the 30th day of September, 1898 and one-sixth  on the 31st
day of October, 1898;  after which last named date, at noon, the remaining
one-sixth shall continue in force until the date of expiration named in this
policy, namely"  November 20th, 1898; but in the event of the cancellation of
this policy by the assured before its expiration no claim for return premium
shall be made."



EMERGENCY HOSPITAL

The Emergency Hospital was a fine modern cottage, remodeled for the purpose
with a wing added for an operating room.  It was supplied with a modern
ambulance and with complete hospital furnishings and instruments.  A corps of
physicians and trained nurses were always on duty, ready for instant service. 
There were upwards of 3,000 cases treated of character, cost, etc. as follows:

CLASSIFIED REPORT OF THE EMERGENCY HOSPITAL.

Total expense maintaining hospital,   $4,075.13
Average number patients per day,  20.25
Average cost per patient,   $1.31

Diagnosis.
Acute Gastritis,----------------------------------110
Acute Pharyngitis,-------------------------------- 17
Acute Corryza,------------------------------------ 12
Acute Bronchitis,---------------------------------120
Acute Laryngitis,--------------------------------- 38
Acute Acholism,----------------------------------- 20
Acute Dermatitis,--------------------------------- 34
Accute Syncope,-----------------------------------117
Acute Glacoma,------------------------------------  3
Angina Pectoris,----------------------------------  2
Abscesses,---------------------------------------- 45
Appendicualr Colic,-------------------------------  4
Abortion,-----------------------------------------  2
Acute Oaphoritis,---------------------------------  6
Burns and scalds,--------------------------------- 21
Concussion, (Brain),------------------------------  7
Contused and lacerated wounds,--------------------330
Cholera Infantum,---------------------------------  2
Conjuncteritis,-----------------------------------  6
Dislocations,-------------------------------------  2
Dentitis,----------------------------------------- 75
Dysmenorrhea,------------------------------------- 39
Exhaustion,---------------------------------------471
Enteritis,----------------------------------------633
Epilepsy,-----------------------------------------  7
Erysipilas,---------------------------------------  2
Epididims-Orchitis,-------------------------------  2
Foreign bodies removed from eyes and ears, sand, 
cinders and insects,------------------------------140
Fractures,---------------------------------------- 25
Fallicular Tonsilitis,---------------------------- 18
Gunshot wounds,-----------------------------------  4
Hemorrages, stomach, 2; lungs 12; Nose, 5,-------- 19
Hepatic Colic,------------------------------------ 27
Haematuria,---------------------------------------  1
Hysteria,----------------------------------------- 35
Hiccoughm (severe),-------------------------------  1
Insect Bites,------------------------------------- 29
Icterus,------------------------------------------  1
La Grippe,---------------------------------------- 49
Malaria,------------------------------------------217
Manorrhagia,--------------------------------------  2
Myalgia,------------------------------------------  1
Neuralgia,---------------------------------------- 1w
Otitis Media,------------------------------------- 13
Pleurisy,----------------------------------------- 13
Sprains,------------------------------------------170
Sciatica,----------------------------------------- 41
Suicide (attempt) by strangulation (squaw),-------  1
Tumors,-------------------------------------------  1
Torticallis,--------------------------------------  2
Typhoid Fever,------------------------------------  4
Tends Vadinitis,----------------------------------  2
Ulcerations,-------------------------------------- 83
3,095
.pa
Omaha, Neb. Nov. 1, 1898.

F. P. Kirkendall, Esq.

Manager Department of Buildings & Grounds.

Trans-Mississippi & International Exposition.

Dear Sir:

I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the organization and operation
of the exposition guard force under my command.

I was appointed commandant of the force May 26, 1898, by yourself under
authority granted by the executive committee and assumed the duties of the
office May 27th.

I large number of applications previously received by you were turned over to
me and I afterwards received a number of additional applications.  All
candidates for appointment were required to appear before me and to produce
recommendations as to their character and fitness for the position.

The duties of the guards were to preserve order, to give information to
Exposition patrons, see to the observance of Exposition rules by all persons
upon the grounds, look to the prompt care of any injured or sick persons, etc.,
etc., as provided in a voluminous set of rules for Guidance of Guards, supplied
to me by the Executive Committee through you as manager of the Department.

The salaries of the guard force were fixed by the Executive Committee as
follows:  Commandant $150; captain $75; First Lieutenant $65; Second Lieutenant
$60; sergeants $50; Corporals $45; privates $40, all members of the force being
required to furnish their own subsistence and a regulation uniform, consisting
of helmet, navy blue blouse and trousers, the latter having a white stripe on 
the outside seam.  Rank was indicated by shoulder straps and chevrons,
following U.S. infantry regulations.

Members of the force were selected solely upon the recommendation and
endorsement of reputable citizens as to their integrity and fitness.  The
personnel of the force at organization was as follows:

C.E. Llewellyn,          Commandant
M. Covell,               Captain.

J. Stebbins,             1st Lieutenant.
John Regan               2nd Lieutenant.

W. Norwood,              1st Sergeant.
J. Hanks,                Sergeant.
G. L. Martin                 "
J. Murphy                    "
Jos. Hinton                  "
W. Carder                    "
G. T. Young                  "

M. J. Metcalf            Corporal.
G. L. Treynor                "
C. C. Northrup               "
George Kay                   "

E. E. Brand              Clerk
Bonnie Gans              Stenographer.

About sixty privates.

As the occasion arose for increasing the force additions were made until 304
names were on the roll, but no more than 237 were ever on duty at one time. 
The average number of guards on duty was about 160.  During the period of the
Exposition about forty men were discharged for cause.  A brief summary of the
work accomplished by the guard force follows:

Arrests for misdemeanors,----------------------------- 239.
Sent to city jail and prosecuted,--------------------- 129
Detained at Guard house and expelled from Grounds,---- 110

A very large number of articles lost by visitors to the grounds were brought to
the "Lost and Found Bureau"* at guard headquarters and many were returned to
the owners upon proper identification.  The remainder, together with a record
book of the same, were turned over by me to the Superintendent of the Buildings
& Grounds Department, November 1st at the termination of my services as
Commandant of the Guard.

Thanking you and your associates in the Exposition management for the many
courtesies shown me during my services with the Exposition, I am

Yours respectfully.

C. E. LLEWELLYN,

Commandant.


*LOST AND FOUND BUREAU.



In all large gathering gatherings of people it happens from a variety of
causes, that many articles of value are lost by their owners, straps, parasols,
umbrellas, Pocketbooks, Rolls of Money, Watches and Jewelry, finger rings,
spectacles, eye-glasses, walking sticks, admission passes and a multitude of
other articles, and where such gatherings continue daily for a long period, a
watchful care over the interests of patrons requires an organization to care
for such articles and endeavor to again put them in the possession of their
owners.

Such an organization was perfected through the guard service.  A Lost and Found
Office was established at Guards Headquarters and thousands of these articles
were found, listed and examined and in most cases sent to the owners.  After
the close of the Exposition several hundred articles, not claimed were
advertised and sold and the proceeds turned into the Treasury of the
Exposition.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF EXPENSES

of the

BUILDING AND GROUNDS DEPARTMENT



List of buildings, showing size and cost of each, exclusive of architects'
fees, office expenses and salaries, superintendence and miscellaneous, which
was about two per cent on the cost of the buildings, making a total cost of
architects, superintendence and miscellaneous equal to seven (7) per cent on
the cost of the buildings or a fraction more than five (5) per cent on the
total cost of general construction.

Administration building, 50x50 feet, 55 feet 4 in. high,------- $11,621.24
Mines and Mining building, 400x140 feet, 48 ft. 6 in. high,----  42,250.55
Manufacturers' building, 300x125 feet 40 ft high,--------------  56,256.13
Auditorium building, 150x115 feet, 37 feet high,---------------  12,358.29
Agricultural building, 400x140 feet, 40 feet high,-------------  60,987.51
Machinery & Electricity building, 300x140 feet 31 ft 8 in high,  50,019.90
Liberal Arts Building, 280x125 ft. 36 ft 4 inches high,--------  31,183.26
Fine Arts Building, 240x125 feet, 39 feet high,----------------  46,163.05
Power Plant Building, 150x120 feet, 18 feet high,--------------  10,463.05
Horticulture building, 300 feet long, wings 70 feet, dome 110
feet, height 29 feet,----------------------------------------  35,130.33
North Viaduct, Sherman Avenue,---------------------------------   4,679.95
East Colonnades,-----------------------------------------------  11,842.29
Mirror Colonnades,---------------------------------------------  15,979.90
Administration Colonnades,-------------------------------------   2,094.00
Sanitary Kiosks,-----------------------------------------------   2,968.65
Warehouse building, 115x145 feet 14 feet high,-----------------   3,022.03
South viaduct restaurants, each 100x50 feet, 29 feet high,-----  24,832.00
South viaduct,-------------------------------------------------   6,531.31
Band stand, 80x30 feet, 52 feet high,--------------------------   3,861.66
North and south Colonnades,------------------------------------   5,652.00
Hospital Building, 50x25 feet 22 feet high,--------------------   1,821.00
Press Building, 50x50feet -------------------------------------   3,548.46
Dairy building, 160x75 feet, 14 feet high,---------------------   7,858.04
Service building, 100x60 feet, 22 feet high,-------------------   7,022.65
Apiary building, 130x75 feet, 14 feet high,--------------------   6,341.48
International building, 130x100 feet 20 feet high,-------------   7,846.61
Fire and Police Building, 150x115 feet, 18 feet high,----------   6,248.58
Transportation building, 430x300 feet, 17 feet high,-----------  40,804.38
Arch of States, 50x20 feet, 67 feet high,----------------------   7,353.00
Ticket booths, exits and gates,--------------------------------   6,671.74
Refreshment Kiosks,--------------------------------------------   3,292.00
Girls and Boys Building,---------------------------------------   9,154.41
Live Stock building,-------------------------------------------  19,157.13
$564,441.59

Architect's department (exclusive of super intendence)---------$ 29,426.38
Taxes paid,----------------------------------------------------   4,524.43
General expenses,----------------------------------------------  26,372.72
Fencing grounds,-----------------------------------------------   6,483.63
Water system, permanent,---------------------------$ 22,224.94
Water system, temporary,---------------------------   6,160.65
Paid Omaha Water Co. for water,--------------------   7,515.43
$ 35,901.02
Fire protection, 
Apparatus,-----------------------------------------   5,341.01
Wages and expenses,--------------------------------   5,081.00
Insurance,-----------------------------------------  13,508.21
$ 23,930.23
Preparation of Grounds.
Landscape Department,------------------------------  58,022.31
Grading, 10 cts. per cubic yard,-------------------  19,404.56
Macadamized roadways
Walks, including maintenance, 17-4/10 cts per
square yard, Driveways, including maintenance,
22-1/2 cts per square yard,-------------------  32,587.82
lagoon,--------------------------------------------  25,507.02
Fountains, Kountz tract,---------------------------     746.75
Brick paving in Grand Court, 38 cts per square yd.
materials to remain the property the contractor
and be removed by him,------------------------   11,620.77 127,889.23
Sewerage and drainage,-----------------------------------------   9,481.52
Engineer's department,-----------------------------------------  10,202.96
Maintenance and care of grounds.
Janitor service,-----------------------------------   14,708.69
Road cleaning,-------------------------------------    4,624.75
Road sprinkling,-----------------------------------    1,320.42
Sanitary service,----------------------------------      824.80
Garbage,-------------------------------------------    1,216.90
Ice account,---------------------------------------    1,051.11
Decorations, exterior of buildings,----------------    4,495.67
Settees, benches and chairs,-----------------------    4,774.71
General repairs,-----------------------------------    8,054.79
41,071.84
Power and light.
Electrical department,-----------------------------   63,282.85
Machinery department,------------------------------   53,945.52
Power plant, Transportation building,--------------    2,045.44
119,273.81
Police protection,
Guards,--------------------------------------------   53,667.57
Secret service,------------------------------------    3,115.47  56,783.04
Hospital department,-------------------------------------------   4,075.13
Office expenses, (Buildings & Grounds department)--------------   6,964.21
Fireman's tournament, buildings north of M.P R tracks, 
Securing National Fireman's Tournament required construc-
tion buildings to be burned illustrating, fireman's 
operations and competitions,------------------------------   4,286.41
Artesian well,-------------------------------------------------   4,844.54
Personal injuries, payments and expenses,----------------------   8,200.00
Sundry claims,-------------------------------------------------   1,972.00
Miscellaneous and sundry expenses, not classified,-------------  18,143.87
Grand Total,                    1,104,268.46